2182A - 

The two-channel Model 2182A Nanovoltmeter is optimized for making stable, low noise voltage measurements and for characterizing low resistance materials and devices reliably and repeatably. It provides higher measurement speed and significantly better noise performance than alternative low voltage measurement solutions.An Easy-to-Use Delta ModeKeithley originally created the delta mode method for measuring voltage and resistance for the Model 2182 and a triggerable external current source, such as the Model 2400 SourceMeter® SMU instrument. Basically, the delta mode automatically triggers the current source to alternate the signal polarity, and then triggers a nanovoltmeter reading at each polarity. This current reversal technique Features:

Make low noise measurements at high speeds, typically just 15nV p-p noise at 1s response time, 40–50nV p-p noise at 60ms

Delta mode coordinates measurements with a reversing current source at up to 24Hz with 30nV p-p noise (typical) for one reading.

Averages multiple readings for greater noise reduction

Synchronization to line provides 110dB NMRR and minimizes the effect of AC common-mode currents

Dual channels support measuring voltage, temperature, or the ratio of an unknown resistance to a reference resistor

Built-in thermocouple linearization and cold junction compensation